Why is Europe still not ready for extreme heat?

Europe’s meteorological summer began with record-breaking heat, as a heat dome earlier this month pushed temperatures beyond May averages in the UK and Ireland. The World Meteorological Organisation has now warned of El Niño’s imminent return, signaling more extreme heat ahead. Early estimates suggest at least 250 extra deaths in the UK alone during the latest heatwave, with full tolls likely higher due to unprepared populations. Heat remains Europe’s deadliest environmental threat, surpassing crime and terrorism, with climate breakdown intensifying its lethality. A 2025 study found two-thirds of heat deaths in European cities stem from human-caused global warming, yet basic protective measures remain scarce. Only 21 of 38 European countries have heat-health action plans, and green infrastructure projects—like converting carparks into cooling spaces—are often dismissed as too radical. Barcelona pioneered climate shelters in 2020, expanding them to over 400 sites by adapting public buildings like schools and libraries. Researchers say minimal adjustments—extended hours, staff training, and signage—could save lives. Spain’s government now plans a national network of shelters, with other European cities following suit. Experts highlight the need for systemic change, noting that simple, low-cost solutions are frequently overlooked. Ana Terra Amorim-Maia of the Basque Centre for Climate Change emphasized that small investments in accessibility can transform buildings into life-saving refuges. Despite progress in some regions, Europe’s fragmented response leaves millions exposed as temperatures rise.